Converting Pandas Libs Tslibs Timedeltas Timedelta To Days

Instructions for writing and running tests using pytest1. Make sure your program, myprogram.py and your testing program test_myprogram.py are in the same directory. In Windows, you must launch the Anaconda Command Prompt, which should be accessible by searching for cmd on Windows let me know if you have trouble finding the Anaconda prompt. Use cd to change the present working directory for your Command Prompt or Terminal window session to the same directory (let me know if you have any trouble with this step.) 4.

Execute the command py.test at the command line (keep in mind this is not the Python prompt, but your Mac/Unix Terminal program or your Anaconda cmd/Command Prompt window). Py.test is a special command that should work from your command line if you have Anaconda installed. If your program and functions are named as directed, the testing program will import your script and test each function to see that it is providing correct output. If there are test failures, look closely at the failure output -- look for the assert test showing what values were involved in the failure.

You can also look at the testing program to see what it is requiring . If you see collected 0 items it means there was no test_.py file (where is a name of your choice) or there was no test_() function inside the test program. Download the testing program test_.py and place in the same directory as your script.

We can analyze the respective "order" value for each of these functions by comparing its behavior when we pass it a large vs. a small value. It loops through each consecutive integer between 1 and the maximum value. For each integer it performs a sum against the running sum, then returns the final sum.

So if we call sum_of_n_range with 10, it will perform the sum (total + i) 10 times. If we call it with 1,000,000, it will perform the sum 1,000,000 times. The increase in # of steps increases in a straight line with the # of values to sum. The "recursive" solution calls itself once for each value in the input. This also requires a step increase that follows the increase in values, so it is also "linear".

The "formula" solution, on the other hand, arrives at the answer through a mathematic formula. It performs an addition, multiplication and division of values, but the computation is the same regardless of the input size. So whether 10 or 1,000,000, the number of steps is the same. Each integer occupies a byte on our system, which is why strings of integers that represent characters are called bytestrings.

In order to view text in an application (such as a text editor, browser, by Python, etc.), the integers in a bytestring must be converted to characters. To do this, the application must refer to an encoding that indicates the integer value corresponding to each character in the character set. Every time we look at text, whether in an editor, IDE, browser or Python program, the bytestrings are being converted to text. This is happening invisibly and seamlessly (although you may sometimes see a ? in a chat or web page - this means that the converter didn't know how to convert that integer). The install module copies your package files to a Python install directory that is part of your Python installation's sys.path.

Remember that the sys.path holds a list of directories that will be searched when you import a module. If you get an error when you try to install, double check your folder structure and placement of files, and make sure you're in the same directory as setup.py. The function process is the listing of the items in a directory and printing the files. The recursive call is the call to walk at the bottom of the loop -- this is called when the directory looping encounters a directory.

The base condition occurs when the file listing is completed. There are no more directories to loop through, so the function call returns. As we discussed, all text is stored as integer values, each integer representing a character. When displaying text, the integers must be converted to characters. This means that every time you see characters represented in a file -- in an editor, in a browser or by a Python program -- those characters were decoded from integer values.

To decode an integer to its corresponding character, the application must refer to an encoding, which maps integer values to characters. This means that every string representation of text that you see has been decoded from integers using an encoding. A large part of the data we work with is stored in plaintext files, which are simply streams of characters. Plaintext file types include .txt, .csv, .json, .html and .xml. However, all files are stored in binary form on our computer systems. Plaintext files are stored as integers, with each integer (or sometimes 2-4 integers) representing a character.

Don't forget to reinstall the module once you've finalized changes. However you can run the package locally (i.e., from the same directory as setup.py) without reinstalling. When the package is imported, Python reads and executes the ___init___.py program. This file is now importing greet from hello.py into the module's namespace, making it available to the user under the package name pyhello.

A class method can be called through the instance or the class, and passes the class as the first argument. We use these methods to do class-wide work, such as counting instances or maintaining a table of variables available to all instances. A static method can be called through the instance or the class, but knows nothing about either.

In this way it is like a regular function -- it takes no implicit argument. We can think of these as 'helper' functions that just do some utility work and don't need to involve either class or instance. To sort dictionary items by value, we need to sort each two-element tuple by its second element. The built-in module operator.itemgetter will return whatever element of a sequence we wish - in this way it is like a subscript, but in function format . An error condition is raised anytime Python is unable to understand or execute a statement. The above rationales will become clearer as you write longer programs and are confronted with more complex errors that are sometimes difficult to trace.

You may, for example, wish to use print() statements for debugging purposes. Or you may want to insert a premature exit() during development. In completed programs and assignments, however, these practices are required. So when we import a module in our program, we're simply making other Python code available to our own programs. In a sense we're creating an assemblage of Python code -- some written by us, some by other people -- and putting it together into a single program.

The imported code doesn't literally become part of our script, but it is part of our program in the sense that our script can call it and use it. We can also define our own modules -- collections of Python functions and/or other variables that we would like to make available to our other Python programs. We can even prepare modules designed for others to use, if we feel they might be useful. In this way we can collaborate with other members of our team, or even the world, by using code written by others and by providing code for others to use.

Sorted() takes a sequence argument and returns a sorted list. The sequence items are sorted according to their respective types. You may, for example, wish to insert a premature sys.exit() during development. Why is instructor_classes data separated from instructors data?

If we combined all of this data into one table, there would be repetition -- we'd see the instructor's name repeated on all the rows that indicate the instructor's class assignments. But there are times where we will want to see all of this data shown together in a single result set -- we may see repetition, but we won't be storing repetition. We can create these combined result sets using database joins. If errors is set to be ignore, when any of the column items is not valid, then the input column will be returned, even other items are valid datetime string. Unless otherwise specified, pd.Timestampe() is not timezone aware.

UTC is the standard time zone used by the scientific community and roughly equivalent to its predecessor GMT . It does not have DST, which makes a convenient representation for computation. Operations that combine date-times into a Series will often convert the time zone to UTC and then return the Series as an object or character string. In this chapter we are only going to focus on dates and date-times. We will focus on the pandas tools for dates and times and use the datetime python module for some elements of handling time in Python. Simply, the accuracy is microsecondsdatetime.timedeltaIf you convert it to a type and then calculate it, the capacity will increase 1000 times, so you can solve it.

From the code of the question sentence, I think that the accuracy in seconds is enough, so in secondsintIt will be a permanent measure if you calculate after fixing it to. Good Morning, I have been using python for about a year and a half and I find myself in front of a basic issue that I can't get to solve. I have a simple dataframe , not big that includes one column that is "datetime64" format, one "float64" and all others are "object". As a generator is an iterator, next() calls the function again to produce the next item; and StopIteration causes the generator to stop iterating.

The Python Language Reference provides a clear introduction to Python's lexical analyzer, data model, execution model, and various statement types. Once a python script is running, Python makes the PYTHONPATH search path available in a list called sys.path. A date object can be set to any date and knows how to calculate dates into the future or past.

To change the date, we use a timedelta object, which can be set to an "interval" of days to be added to or subtracted from a date object. When we loop through a dict, we can loop through a list of keys or loop through items, a list of tuple pairs. When sorting a dictionary by the values in it, we can also choose to sort keys or items.

Most commonly, we will build a multidimensional structure of our own design based on the data we are trying to store. The "outer" list contains 3 items, each being a dictionary with identical keys. The keys in each dict correspond to field / column labels from the table, so it's easy to identify and access a given value within a row dict.

In this unit we'll look at the standard 2-dimensional containers we are more likely to encounter or want to build in our programs. The Python database module returns database results as tuples. Here we're pulling two of three values returned from each row and folding them into a dictionary. The sorted() function takes any sequence as argument and returns a list of the elements sorted by numeric or string value. Tabular data may come in many forms, but the most common are CSV (comma-separated values) files and RDBMS (relational / SQL databases). CSV files are plaintext, meaning they consist solely of text characters.

In order to be structured, CSV files must include delimiters, or characters the indicate the start and end of each data value. The row delimiter is usually the comma, but may be any character, or even even be one or more spaces. When passed integer data and a timezone is changing in a future version of pandas.

Previously, these were interpreted as wall times in the desired timezone. In the future, these will be interpreted as wall times in UTC, which are then converted to the desired timezone (GH24559 ). For datetime with timezone values has changed from an numpy.ndarray of Timestamp objects to a arrays.DatetimeArray (GH24024 ). DataFrame.to_sql() now supports writing TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE types for supported databases.

For databases that don't support timezones, datetime data will be stored as timezone unaware local timestamps. See the Datetime data types for implications (GH9086 ). There is plenty of evidence that the deps listed in the ext_data dict do not get updated when the actual modules are changed. This chapter will focus on the pandas time series functionality and the Timestamp methods in pandas, which makes it easier to work with dates and times in Python.

According to these results, the slow() and main() functions are the biggest time users. The overall execution of the module itself is also shown. Comparing our code to the results we can see that main() is slow only because it calls slow(), so we can then focus on the obvious culprit, slow(). It's also possible to insider profiling in our script around particular function calls so we can focus our analysis. The cProfile module can test overall program execution. "Iterable" simply means able to be looped over or otherwise treated as a sequence or collection.

Printing the Signature object or converting it to string shows the arguments as they might appear in the function or method definition. Keep in mind that when you import a module, the current directory will be searched before any directories on the sys.path. So if your command line / Command Prompt / Terminal session is currently in the same directory as setup.py , you'll be reading from your local package, not the installed one.

So you won't be testing the installation until you move away from the package directory. Remember that the label after lambda is the argument, and the expression that follows the colon is the return value. This is a list of dicts, so sorting the list means that each item to be sorted is a dict. This means that the argument to the lambda will be one dict, and the value after the colon should be the value in the dict by which we would like to sort. A sorting helper function returns to python the value by which a given element should be sorted. To create a new table, we must specify a name and a type for each column.

Collecting values as a loop progresses is also a very common idiom. We may be looping over lines from a file, a database result set or a more complex structure such as that read from a JSON file. So I can put together a PR that will exhaustively list in setup.py all of the pxdfiles relevant to every cython module. The former has the benefit of raising at build-time, but the latter is less vulnerable to future leakage. (Longer-term I'm hoping cython catches this at build-time). So I guess you're referring to something less benign than a whitespace change?

Barnes And Noble Near Me Now

John Barnes died in 1964, and the company was sold to the conglomerate Amtel two years later. The business was then purchased in 1971 by Leonard Riggio, who has been credited as one of the founders, for $1.2 million. By then, it had been mismanaged and consisted only of "a significantly reduced wholesale operation and a single retail location—the flagship store at 105 Fifth Avenue." The publishing operation was sold separately by Amtel to Harper & Row. Between the 1970s and the 1980s, Barnes & Noble opened smaller discount stores, which were eventually phased out in favor of larger stores. They also began to publish their own books to be sold to mail-order customers.

These titles were primarily affordable reissues of out-of-print titles and selling them through mail-order catalogs allowed Barnes & Noble to reach new customers nationwide. After a series of mergers and bankruptcies in the American bookstore industry since the 1990s, Barnes & Noble stands alone as the United States' largest national bookstore chain. Dalton Bookseller stores in malls until they announced the liquidation of the chain.

The company was also one of the nation's largest manager of college textbook stores located on or near many college campuses when that division was spun off as a separate public company called Barnes & Noble Education in 2015. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Barnes & Noble saw up to a 500% profit from graphic novel and manga sales. The company is known by its customers for large retail outlets, many of which contain a café serving Starbucks coffee and other consumables. Most stores sell books, magazines, newspapers, DVDs, graphic novels, gifts, games, toys, music, and Nook e-readers and tablets. Throughout the year, Barnes & Noble hosts more than 35,000 Storytimes — opportunities for children and their parents to hear new and old favorite picture books read by a bookseller, author or illustrator.

These include our national Storytimes series held in stores nationwide, typically Saturdays at 11 a.m. Storytimes are a Barnes & Noble tradition that help promote reading and literacy and bring thousands of families together for laughs and smiles. Barnes & Noble maintains a separate publishing business in addition to its retail stores and other entities.

Barnes & Noble's publishing company got its start by reissuing inexpensive versions of out-of-print books, and made a push to expand the unit in 2003. The company saw success the following year; in September 2004, its book, "Hippie," reached The New York Times Best Seller list. A bookseller who opened his first store, Daunt Books, in London in 1990, he was put in charge of Waterstones, Britain's largest bookstore chain, nine years ago.

Elliott Advisors, the private equity firm that bought Waterstones in 2018, now also owns Barnes & Noble, which it purchased last year for $683 million. Elliott brought Mr. Daunt to New York to try a similar strategy to the one he used in Britain. He is credited with helping launch the company's electronic book store and overseeing the introduction of its electronic book reader, the Nook. Many observers saw his appointment as underscoring the importance of digital books to Barnes & Noble's future. When Lynch resigned in mid-2013, he was replaced by Chief Financial Officer Michael Huseby early the next year. Following the spinoff of Barnes & Noble Education, Huseby departed to head the new firm; his place was filled in mid-2015 by Ronald Boire, who departed one year later.

On August 28, 2018, Parneros filed a lawsuit against Barnes & Noble, claiming wrongful termination. In February 2015, Barnes & Noble had announced plans to spin off its college bookstore assets and create a separate company called Barnes & Noble Education. On August 3, 2015, Barnes & Noble Education, Inc. began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol, "BNED". The company operated stores dedicated to selling college textbooks, both on and off campus. It is a Fortune 1000 company and the bookseller with the largest number of retail outlets in the United States.

As of July 7, 2020, the company operates 614 retail stores in all 50 U.S. states. Annually, our stores hosts thousands of authors from every genre for book readings, discussions and signings. These author visits range from national touring writers to the hottest celebrities to local authors telling their stories to their communities.

The chief executive of Barnes & Noble, James Daunt, who took over last summer, thought the company's stores were badly in need of some sprucing up. His plan, over the next two years or so, was to close locations on a rotating basis for a few weeks at a time to refurnish and refurbish. In March 2020, Barnes & Noble announced that they would temporarily stop selling magazines and, likewise temporarily, close 400 of their 620 stores due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Around 12 B&N shops were closed for good since Elliott Advisors' acquisition of the company, and Daunt plans to change the acquisition process, with initial frontlist orders being made centrally and in smaller numbers than in previous years.

As of 2021, they have announced the release of a new 10-inch Android-based tablet, named the Nook 10" HD, in a partnership with Lenovo, with Lenovo manufacturing the device. In 2004, it was reported that the reading of books was on the decline in America, with the number of non-reading adults increasing by 17 million between 1992 and 2002. Despite this, Barnes & Noble claimed that its retail store business was expanding in the book market. Beginning in 1999, Barnes & Noble owned GameStop, a video game and electronics retail outlet.

The company distributed its shares in GameStop in late 2004, spinning it off into its own company in an attempt to simplify its corporate structure. In 1940, the store was one of the first businesses to feature Muzak, and it underwent a major renovation the following year. William Barnes died in 1945, at the age of 78, and his son John Wilcox Barnes assumed full control.

The company underwent a significant expansion between the 1950s and the 1960s, opening an additional retail store on 23rd Street in Manhattan, as well as shops near the City University of New York, Harvard, and other Northeast college campuses. We're more than just a bookstore; find all of the best toys, puzzles, music, movies and collectibles at Barnes & Noble. From popular LEGO sets to the latest board games, we carry a wide selection of toys for the entire family. In addition to the many events already mentioned, our stores host reading and writing groups, game nights, musical performances, and many other types of events.

Visit the Store/Event Locator to find upcoming events taking place in your area. When you place your online order for course materials, your current financial aid balance will not be displayed. The bookstore will process payment charges after your order is filled.

If your financial aid and/or textbook credit do not cover the cost of your order, you will receive an email at the email address you provided to Barnes & Noble alerting you of a payment issue. Beyond tweaking the look of the place, what's on the shelves is also a bit different. These books, both Newbery Medal winners, hadn't been kept in stock in recent years, she said, but teachers and grandparents would come in looking for them. Adding them back is part of an effort to beef up the backlist in Barnes & Noble stores. They will have about the same number of total books on the shelves, but fewer of each title, offering a greater variety. In June 2014, Barnes & Noble had previously announced that it would spin off its Nook Digital division into a separate publicly traded company, but as of 2016, Nook remains a part of Barnes & Noble.

That same month, the company announced a partnership with Samsung Electronics to make Nook tablets, as the bookseller moved forward with plans to revamp its digital business. Samsung and Barnes & Noble introduced the Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook 7.0 in August 2014, followed by the Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook 10.1 in October 2014. In December 2014, Barnes & Noble announced that it had ended its Nook partnership with Microsoft by buying back its stake. Samsung and Barnes & Noble continue to introduce new Nook tablets.

Barnes & Noble operates mainly through its Barnes & Noble Booksellers chain of bookstores. The company's headquarters are at 122 Fifth Avenue in New York City. Reading on the go has never been easier with our convenient NOOK eReaders and tablets.

Download eBooks and read them on our free NOOK app for both Apple and Android devices. Shop eBooks on a budget in our eBooks Under $2.99 collection or current best sellers in our Top 100 eBooks collection. Buy the NOOK GlowLight 4 for seamless day-to-night reading, or the latest NOOK tablet for endless options at your fingertips. Barnes & Noble has over 600 stores throughout the United States.

You can also find information on curbside pickup, store events , store hours, Barnes & Noble Café menus and more. Barnes & Noble hosts thousands of events every year in its stores nationwide, ranging from author visits to Book Club meetings to children's Storytimes and more. Fundamental to his approach, he said, is to keep the efficiencies and buying power of a big chain while giving individual stores a bit more independence, which would, in theory, allow them to better reflect and cater to local tastes. Each store's manager will have more say in how they augment stock. If a book sells through and they don't think it makes sense to restock it, they don't have to — though there are limits.

By December 2018, Barnes & Noble Education had operated or managed 773 campus bookstores under contracts. Barnes & Noble Nook is a suite of e-book readers developed by the company, based on the Android platform. The first device was announced in the United States on October 20, 2009, and was released November 30, 2009, for $259. On June 21, 2010, Barnes & Noble reduced the Nook's price to $199, as well as launched a new Wi-Fi-only model, for $149, and released a Nook colored touch screen for $249. Barnes & Noble hires community business development managers to engage in community outreach.

Barnes And Noble Near Me Barnes & Noble also gives back to the community to increase literacy and education. The Barnes & Noble located in Fairbanks, Alaska gave over $80,000 to the community between 2015 and 2018 through book fair fundraising programs. To promote nationwide literacy among 1st through 6th graders and encourage more reading during the summer, Barnes & Noble has implemented a summer challenge. On October 3, 2018, the board of directors announced that they would entertain offers to buy the company. Among the potential buyers was Leonard Riggio, who owned at the time approximately 19% of Barnes & Noble stock.

As a result of the news, the company's stock price jumped by nearly 30%. Barnes & Noble began reducing its overall presence in the 2010s, closing its original flagship store in early 2014. In mid-2014, the company announced it would separate its Nook Media division from its retail store division.

Before Barnes & Noble created its official website, it sold books directly to customers through mail-order catalogs. It first began selling books online through an early videotex service called "Trintex", a joint venture between Sears and IBM, but the company's website was not launched until May 1997. A year ago, John Radford had little control over the book selection at the Barnes & Noble store he manages in Idaho Falls, Idaho. The retailer's 600-plus stores were expected to follow that blueprint.

In March 2016, Barnes & Noble announced it would close the Nook App Store and Nook Video and in the UK close the Nook Store on March 15. It will continue to sell e-books as well as digital magazines and newspapers in the US. Barnes & Noble often publishes and sells books at a lower cost than competitors, and sells lines of inexpensive books like Barnes & Noble Classics and the leather-bound Barnes & Noble Collectible Classics collection which has it has published since 1992.

In addition, the company has a second paperback series called the Barnes & Noble Library of Essential Reading. Barnes & Noble's edition of The Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense by Suzette Haden Elgin, has sold over 250,000 copies, and its reissued edition of The Columbia History of the World by John Garrity, has sold over 1 million copies. In February 2018, Barnes & Noble permanently laid off 1,800 full time employees at an annual cost savings of $40 million per year. According to TechCrunch, the company essentially fired their entire full time staff at all their stores, who would be making an average of $22,000 per year (~$11 per hour), and were replaced by part time workers earning close to minimum wage.

In 1917, Noble bought out Hinds and entered into a partnership with William Barnes, son of his old friend Charles Barnes; the name of the store was changed to Barnes & Noble soon after. Charles had previously opened a book-printing business in Wheaton, Illinois, in 1873, named the C. M. Barnes-Wilcox Company; William Barnes, however, divested himself of his ownership interest in his father's business shortly before his partnership with Noble. (His father's company would go on to become the Follett Corporation.) Although the flagship store once featured the motto "Founded in 1873," the C. M. Barnes-Wilcox Company never had any connection with Barnes & Noble, save for the fact that both were partly owned by William Barnes.

No matter what you're a fan of, from Fiction to Biography, Sci-Fi, Mystery, YA, Manga, and more, Barnes & Noble has the perfect book for you. Shop bestselling books from the NY Times Bestsellers list, or get personalized recommendations to find something new and unique! Discover kids books for children of all ages including classics like Dr. Seuss to modern favorites like the Dog Man series. Whether you need textbook rentals or purchases, supplies or campus gear, we're here for you!

Visit the link below to purchase/rent your textbooks and find up-to-date bookstore hours. Several times during the year, Barnes & Noble stores celebrate Educator Appreciation Days. These week-long celebrations feature a host of programs and workshops, product demos, and special discounts on qualifying purchases for pre-K through grade 12 teachers.

Additionally, our costume character visits provide opportunities for children to meet their favorite characters from the world of books. You can order digital versions for easy, instant access to your course materialsfor many classes! If you prefer hard copy materials, or your class does not offer an online version, please place your orders for those books now as some companies may be experiencing delays in deliveries. This spring, Barnes & Noble used lockdowns around the country as a chance to refresh more than 350 of its 614 stores throughout the United States, using small teams to move furniture around, paint walls and bring in new books. Revamping the stores was part of a broader plan to revive the company, a difficult task to begin with that has become a lot more formidable under the weight of the pandemic.

In March 2016, Barnes & Noble Education enlarged their Digital Student Solutions online services division by acquiring LoudCloud Systems, a digital platform and analytics provider to clients in higher education, the for-profit sector, and K-12 segment. The Barnes & Noble Review is an online magazine, hosted on Barnes & Noble's website, that publishes evaluations of both fiction and nonfiction works, along with essays, interviews, and pieces on other topics. It was launched in October 2007 by Barnes & Noble CEO Steve Riggio and James Mustich Jr., publisher of the book catalog A Common Reader. C. Grayling, music critic Robert Christgau, and cartoonist Ward Sutton. Miller, who has written for Salon and Mustich's Common Reader, said, "The reviews are the same as anywhere else", adding that the tone and length of the pieces evoke The New York Times Book Review rather than the less formal Salon. The magazine's web traffic flourished during its first few years.

According to Compete.com, it amassed 50,000 unique visitors in December 2009. The company has expanded business by acquiring several firms over the years, including J.B. Fairfax International in 1999, SparkNotes, an educational website and publishing company, in 2001 and Sterling Publishing in 2003. Our Curbside Pickup experience delivers a seamless, safe and simple way for customers to interact with their campus store. Contact us to learn how we're responding to current challenges of campus life and how we can help you improve student safety. In addition to course materials, the Bookstore offers a wide variety of books, clothing, and apparel (hoodies and T-shirts), gifts, school supplies, convenience items, and fan gear to support the Coyotes!